Blood Matters Glossary
Haematology Dictionary
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A rapidly progressive cancer of the blood usually characterised by the uncontrolled proliferation of immature blood cells which take over the bone marrow and spill into the blood stream. If left untreated is fatal within a few weeks or months.
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)
A rapidly progressing cancer of the blood affecting the type of white blood cell known as lymphocytes. This is the most common form of childhood leukaemia.
A rapidly progressing cancer of the blood affecting immature cells of the bone marrow, usually of the white myeloid cell population. This is more common in adults than children.
Acute non-Lymphocytic Leukaemia
See Acute Myeloid Leukaemia
The scientific study of the factors which cause a disease e.g. environmental factors such as infections and radiation.
Anti-leukemic drugs which interact with genetic material (DNA) in such a way as to prevent division of the cells. Drugs of this type include busulphan, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, melphalan.
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
Bone marrow or stem cells that come from another suitably matched person, e.g. your brother or sister, but not always related. This is also called an allograft
See Allogeneic bone marrow transplant
This is a drug which prevents build up of uric acid (produced by the breakdown of proteins when cells are killed). Large quantities of uric acid in the blood lead to crystal deposits in the joints, which cause gout or can lead to kidney damage.
Hair loss. This is a side effect of some forms of chemotherapy and radiation during treatment for leukaemia. It is usually temporary.
A deficiency of red blood cells or oxygen carrying pigment haemoglobin in the blood. This may cause fatigue, shortness of breath and pallor.
Loss of appetite
A charitable funded register of volunteers willing to donate bone marrow if found to "match" a prospective bone marrow transplant patient who has no suitable related donor. It is the largest register in the UK
Drugs which are used in leukaemia therapy to prevent cell division by disrupting the structure of the DNA. Drugs of this type include Daunorubicin, Doxorubicin (Adriamycin), Epirubicin, Idarubcin.
Drugs which kill or stop the growth of bacteria, for example penicillin
Naturally produced substances in the blood which destroy or neutralize specific toxins or 'foreign bodies' for example viruses or bacteria. They are produced by the white blood cells known as lymphocytes in response to the antigens against which they act and form an important part of the body's defence system against infection.
Medicine given to stop you feeling sick or vomiting. Drugs of this type include Maxolon, Ondanestron, Zofran.
Drugs used to fight fungal infections.
A substance which stimulates cells of the body's defence system to react against it by producing antibodies.
A drug which contains antibodies which attach to and destroy lymphocytes. This may be used clinically by injection into a vein, for example in Aplastic Anaemia, or during a bone marrow transplant.
Drugs used to fight viral infections
A group of anti-cancer drugs which prevent cells growing and dividing by blocking the chemical reactions required in the cell to produce DNA. Drugs of this type include 6 mercaptopurine (6MP), azathioprine, thioguanine, methotrexate.
Failure of the blood cells in the bone marrow because of lack of stem cells. Usually this condition affects all types of blood cells and is called aplastic anaemia, see below.
A rare disorder characterised by the failure of the bone marrow to produce blood cells. It may occur as an inherited disease, or may develop later in life form unknown causes. It leads to severe shortage of all types of blood cells causing tiredness, susceptibility to infection and serious problems with bleeding.
See Autologous Bone Marrow Transplant.
Disease caused by an individual's immune system producing antibodies against its own body tissues.
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia Purpura
See immune thrombocytopenia purpura.
Autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT)
A blood stem cell transplant using the patient's own marrow or peripheral blood stem cells which have been collected and stored at an early stage of the disease, also called an autograft. The marrow may be manipulated in the laboratory, a proceedure called purging, to try to ensure thare are no contamination with leukaemia cells. This type of proceedure may be carried out even in older patients in contrast to donor 9allogeneic) transplants.
Bone marrow or stem cells that come from the patient. The cells are collected at an early stage of the disease and is then manipulated in the laboratory to purge the contamination of leukemic cells. In this case there is no problems with tissue matching.
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B lymphocyte. A type of white blood cell normally involved in the production of antibodies to combat infection.
Microscopic organisms which cause many types of infectious diseases, for example pneumonia. Patients have a reduced ability to fight infections following chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation. This may mean that even harmless bacteria, for example those which are normally found on the body, may cause serious illness.
A type of white blood cell which is involved in allergic and inflammatory reactions. Normally present in low numbers in the blood.
An increase in the number of basophils in the blood.
A characteristic protein found in the urine of most patients with multiple Myeloma. It derived from the antibody produced by the cancerous myeloma cells and can be used to help in diagnosis and to monitor the effects of treatment.
Non-cancerous. Such growths may or may not be surgically removed.
The removal of a small amount of cells or tissue for analysis. This may for example be from a lymph node or from bone marrow. This is then sent to the laboratory to establish or confirm an exact diagnosis of disease.
An immature white blood cell, which is normally the precursor of the mature white cells, they become neutrophils or lymphoblast's and can represent up to 5% of the marrow. In acute leukaemia there is an increased number of blast cells. Healthy blood does not have any blast cells, but with acute leukaemia over production may result in these cells being found in the blood.
Aggressive phase of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) characterised by the production of large numbers of immature cells which may be either of the myeloid or lymphoid type. Clinically similar to acute leukaemia and more difficult to treat than the chronic phase of CML disease.
There are three main types of cells in the blood stream. The red cells which carry oxygen, the white cells which fight infection and the platelets which help prevent bleeding. The correct balance between each cell type must be maintained. Production of blood cells is controlled by natural chemicals called growth factors, some of which may be used in treatment.
A routine test requiring a small sample of bolld to estimate the number and types of cells circulating in the blood.
The tissue which forms the blood cells and is found within the hollow cavities of many of the bones of the body. Bone marrow contains the stem cells from which all blood cells are derived.
This is when a small amount of the bone marrow is extracted for examination. This is done under a local or general anaesthetic from the hip bone (pelvis). The cells in the sample can then be examined under the microscope to identify any abnormality in the developing blood cells and for DNA studies. A trephine biopsy, where a small 'core' of bone marrow tissue is removed under local anaesthetic, may be taken at the same time.
A procedure used in the treatment of a variety of blood disorders including leukaemia, marrow failure syndromslymphoma and sometimes myeloma. The patient receives very high doses of chemotherapy and or radiotherapy to destroy the malignent disease and produce immune suppression. This damages the bone marrow and makes the blood count fall. Replacement marrow is taken from a matched donor (allogeneic transplant) or from the patient themselves (autologous transplant) under general anaesthetic and returned to the patient through a vein or a central line in a similar way to a blood transfusion. Peripheral blood stem cells or cord blood may be used instead, especially for autografts.
A rapidly growing aggressive type of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma which usually affects the abdomen and requires immediate treatment.
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Computer Assisted Tomography (CAT) is a sophisticated x-ray technique used to produce detailed internal images of the body, particularly the chest and abdomen. The patient lies on a couch which gradually moves through the X-ray machine and the image is built up by a computer as a cross section through the body.
Diseases due to the uncontrolled growth and division of cells; often called malignant disease or neoplasia.
A type of fungus. Candida infection in the mouth (oral thrush) is a common problem for immune suppressed patients.
A tube for insertion into the body, usually into a vein via a sharp needle-type fitting which is then withdrawn form the cannula to allow fluid to pass through the tube.
A substance which has the ability to cause cells to become cancerous.
The development of cancer.
See CT scan.
A hollow tube inserted into organs of the body for admitting or removing liquids. For example for the removal of urine from the bladder.
The study of the structure, composition and function of cells.
Immunological or genetic characteristics which distinguish and discriminate between different cell types.
The individual units from which tissues of the body are formed.
The brain and the spinal cord.
A line passed through a blood vessel into a large central vein, used for patients undergoing intensive therapy and to provide a route for taking blood samples and administering drugs without repeted needle puncture of a vein. Commercially called a Hickman Line or Portacath.
This fluid surrounds and protects the brain and the spinal cord. Samples can be obtained by a lumbar puncture.
Treatment using anti-cancer drugs. These may be used singly or in combination to kill or prevent growth and division of cells. Although aimed at the cancer cells chemotherapy will also unavoidably affect rapidly dividing normal cells such as hair and gut causing hair loss and nausea, which are tempory and reversible.
All cells contain genetic material in the form of chromosomes which carry the 30,000 or so genes which provide the inherited bluprint of each individual. In humans there are 23 pairs contained in the nucleus of each cell. Alterations in the number or organisation of the chromosomes may play a key role in the development of some forms of cancer.
Chronic Granulocytic leukaemia (CGL)
A leukaemia which is initially slowly-progressive. It is characterised by the presence of large numbers of mature granulocytes, circulating in the blood. More usually referred to as chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)
A persistent cancer of the blood, usually of gradual onset and generally of slow progression. It is characterised by an accumulation of mature type white cells in the blood. It may be diagnosed by chance following a routine blood test and prior to the appearance of clinical symptoms.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL)
A slowly progressing from of leukaemia, characterised by and increased number of the type of white blood cells known as lymphocytes. It is the most common form of leukaemia and occurs predominantly in late middle age onwards. It has variable symptoms and course, but may be diagnosed by chance before the patient develops any clinical symptoms of disease.
Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML)
A leukaemia which is initially slowly progressive. It is characterised by the presence of large numbers of mature granulocytes in the blood. Once referred to as chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL)
Chronic Myelomnocytic Leukaemia (CMML)
A from of myelodysplasia characterised by an increase in the number of circulating white blood cells of the monocyte type.
A drug used to prevent and treat rejection and graft versus host disease in transplant patients by suppressing their normal immune system.
A controlled and carefully monitored assessment of new forms of treatment. They can vary in design and size from small scale trials of experimmental treatments to large national trials which compare subtle variations in current therapies. The pateint will always be informed when their treatment is part of a trial.
A population of genetically identical cells arisisng from a single parent cell. Leukaemia ia believed to be a clonal disease, that is all the leukemia cells originate from one original abnormal cell.
A group of proteins in the blood (factors I to XIII) which interact to make the blood clot.
Invasion of the brain or spinal cord by leukaemic cells. This may be diagnosed by examination of the surrounding cerebrospinal fluid.
Clotting of the blood. A complex reaction depending on a series of clotting factors and platlets in the blood.
Common Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (cALL)
A sub-type of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia affecting cells early in the B lymphocyte lineage which accounts for about 80% of all acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
A term used to describe deformities or diseases which present at the time of birth.
A course of treatment with anti-cancer drugs given to the patient whilst in remission with the aim of killing any remaining cancerous cells.
A medium or fluid that is used in certain tests e.g. X-ray, to show up or highlight organs or parts of the body.
Blood obtained from the umbilical cord at the time of birth, which derives from the baby.
Stem cells recovered from cord blood which have been shown to have the capability to re-populate bone marrow and produce cells.
A group of synthetic hormones including prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone and dexamethasone used in the treatment of some leukaemias and also to suppress graft rejection and graft versus host disease following a bone marrow transplant. Side effects include an increased risk of infection and bloating.
See ciclosporin A.
The study of the structure of chromosomes. Cytogenetic tests are carried out on samples of blood and bone marrow taken form leukaemia patients to detect any chromosomal abnormalities associated with the disease. These help in the diagnosis and selection of optimal treatment.
A virus which is harmless in healthy people but may cause serious disease in severely immunosuppressed patients. Particularly dangerous following bone marrow transplant.
A reduction in the number of cells circulating in the blood.
The gel-like substance inside each cell which contains the organelles responsible for the cell's metabolism.
Anti-cancer drugs which act by killing or preventing the division of cells. See chemotherapy
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A chromosome abnormality in which part of a single chromosome has been lost.
A laboratory procedure for reducing the number of a specific cell type within bone marrrow donated for transplantation, for example the removal of some types of lymphocytes. This may be to avoid "mismatches" - particularly in relation to unrelated donor transplantation, or to remove a sub-set of potential leukeamic cells in an autograft.
The gradual maturation of a cell whereby its function and properties become increasingly specialised. Leukaemic cells are often poorly differentiated, that is show immature characteristics.
Disease in which the cancerous cells have spread from the tissue of origin to other organs.
A drug to stimulate the excretion of urine by the kidneys. May be used during chemotherapy to ensure the excretion of anti-cancer drugs.
Deoxyribonuclic acid. Provides the essential building block for storing genetic material. There are 4 different chemical components of DNA (bases) arranged in coded sequence as Genes which determine an individual's inherited characteristics.
Donor Lymphocyte infusion (DLI)
If a patient who has an allogeneic bone marrow transplant has a relapse (return of the disease), he may be given lymphocytes from the same donor. This may eliminate the leukaemia cells.
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Electrocardiograph - this traces the heart beat.
The establishment and growth of donor cells in the patient.
Proteins which control the chemical reactions essential for life. Every cell contains many enzymes which control all its functions.
A type of white blood cell involved in inflammatory, allergic, or anti-parasitic responses. Usually present in the circulation in very low numbers.
Increased numbers of eosinphils circulating in the blood. It occurs in some cases in asthma, hay fever and parasitic infections and in some conditions such as Hodgkin's disease.
The science of studing the occurance of disease in populations and relating this to environmental or genetic causes.
A common virus which causes glandular fever. Also associated with Burkitt's lymphoma.
The cells of the blood which contain the red pigment haemoglobin and carry oxygen to all the tissues of the body. Normal red cell count in the blood is 4.5 - 5.0 x 1012 per litre.
A rare cancer of the blood affecting immature red blood cells.
A rare condition related to Polycythemia Rubra Vera characterised by the production of large numbers of abnormal platelets. Symptoms include haemorrhage, blood clots and enlargement of the spleen. Treatment varies according to the severity of the disease.
Literally "outside the lymph nodes", but exhibiting the characteristics of lymph node cancer. A term used to describe the extent and site of disease.
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A rare inherited type of aplastic anaemia which carries an increased risk to the patient of developing leukaemia. May be treated by bone marrow transplant.
A form of vitamin B obtained from green leafly vegetables, eg spinach. It is essential for synthesis of DNA and therefore the growth and division of cells.
A chemical which inhibits a cell's capacity to use folic acid and so prevent cell division, for example methorexate
An infective agent such as a mould or yeast, causing particular problems in immune suppressed pateints, for example candida.
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A concentrated solution of the antibody fraction of human blood given through a vein to fight infection, e.g. measles in patients with low resistance.
Formed by DNA and carried on the chromosomes, genes direct the activities of cells. They are responsible for the inherited characteristics which distinguish one individual from another. Each human individual has an estimated 100,000 separate genes.
Rarely, when a patient has an allogeneic bone marrow transplant, the new bone marrow will fail to start producing cells. This is called graft rejection. It may be possible to get further cells from the donor.
This is a side effect that may develop with a bone marrow transplant. It is when the cells from the donor react with the cells from the patient.
Graft versus Host disease (GVDH)
A common , and serious , complication of bone marrow transplantation. Some of the donors immune cells try to reject the patient's own cells as foreign. The skin, liver and gut may by affected. It can occur in either acute or chronic forms may be treatable by immunosuppressive drugs.
Describes the effect of allografted stem cells in attacking leukaemia cells in the recipient. If graft versus host disease is present but not severe, it may be benificial in helping to kill off leukaemia cells. If all the T-lymphocytes are removed from a allogeneic bone marrow transplant it minimises the risk of graft versus host disease but increases the risk of relapse.
A type of white blood cell containing granules in its cytoplasm. They protect the body against infection by seeking out and killing micro-organisms. they can be subdivided into neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils.
A complex family of proteins produced by the body to control growth, division and maturation of blood cells by the bone marrow. Some are now available as products of genetic engineering, and are used clinically to stimulate normal white cell production following chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation. Examples are G-CSF or GM-CSF
A biochemical secreted by a gland in the brain which controls growth and is of particular importance during adolescence. Radiotherapy given to the head and neck of children with leukaemia may lead to a deficiency in growth hormone. This may be replaced by intervenous injections.
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A doctor who specialises in treating patients with blood or bone marrow diseases.
Term used to describe the production and maturation of blood cells from very primititve stem cells. This takes place in the bone marrow, which is a spongy tissue in the middle fo the bones.
the study of blood diseases including leukaemia.
The iron containing pigment on red blood cells which carries oxygen around the body. Lack of haemoglin is one cause of anaemia. Normal values 12-18 grams per 100 ml of blood.
Term used to describe the production and maturation of blood cells from very primititve stem cells. This takes place in the bone marrow, which is a spongy tissue in the middle fo the bones.
Bleeding either to the outside through the skin or internally.
A rare leukaemia related to chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and characterised by the presence of abnormal cells with "hair-like" projections. It occurs in middle age onwards. Treatment may involve removal of the spleen. Current therapy includes the use of interferon and, more recently, the cytotoxic drugs deoxycoformycin.
Half-matched' - a term used in tissue typing.
The study of blood and bone marrow
Inflamation of the liver.
Enlargement of the liver.
This is a hollow silastic tube inserted into a central vein. This eliminates endless searching for veins in to withdrawing of blood and adminstering of drugs.
A narrow plastic tube which is inserted, under anaaesthetic, into a major blood vessel in the chest. IT is used for patients undergoing intensive therapy and provides a route for taking blood samples and admisistering drugs without the repeted need of puncturing a vein with a needle.
The investigation of tissue samples by chemical and microscopical analysis.
The human leukocyte antigens used in tissue typing.
A complex family of genitacally inherited proteins which are found on the surface of cells throughout the body. The determine the "match" between patient and potential donor in bone marrow transplant. HLA factors are inherited from the moter and father and so t he greatest chance of having the same HLA type is between brothers and sisters, that is 1 in 4.
This si a type of lymphoma.
Human T cell Lymphotropic virus. A family of virusese which invade T cells. Includes a rare leukaemia virus HTLV-1, found primarily in Japan and the Carribbean causing increased incidence of T Cell laukaemias in these populations. The family also included the AIDS causing- virus, HIV.
Increased levels of clacuim in the blood. It is often associated with Multiple Myeloma due to a degeneration of the bones. IT is dangerous if not controlled.
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A disease produced as a concequence of medical or surgical treatment.
Term applied to diseases to indicate that their cause is unknown.
Idiopathic thrombocytopenia Purpura
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP)
A rare disorder characterised by an acute shortage of platelets with resultant brusing and spontaneous bleeding. Anti-platlet antibodies are detectable in some cases. It may present in either an acute or a chronic form.
The impaired ability of the body's defence system.
Impaired ability of the body's defence mechanisms to combat infections by bacteria, viruses and fungi.
The reaction of the body to an antigen, for example and infectious agent, or to the tissues of another individual as in the rejection of an organ transplant.
A treatment induced reduction in the body's defence mechanisms. Deliberate immunosuppression is a necessary part of the bone marrow transplant proceedure to prevent graft versus host disease and graft rejection.
The impaired ability of the body's defence system.
Protins in the blood plasma which functions as antibodies and play an important part in controlling infections.
A way of identifying cells in your blood or bone marrow based on the typw of protines on the surface of the cell.
A treatment induced reduction in the body's defence mechanisms. Deliberate immunosuppression is a necessary part of the bone marrow transplant proceedure to prevent graft versus host disease and graft rejection.
Literally means "in glass" - It is used to describe studies carried out on living cells or tissue grown in the laboratory.
Increasing the amount, number or combination of anti-cancer drugs given to a patient in an attempt to kill drug-resistant or residual leukaemic cells.
A family of proteins derived from human cells which normally has a role in fighting viral infections. It is now available as a product of molecular engineering to be used in the treatment of a number of leukaemias and related diseases including Hairy cell Leukaemia, Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia and Aplastic Anaemia.
An injection into a muscle.
Injection into the spinal fluid to prevent or treat CNS leukaemia or lymphoma.
This is the injection of medicine into the spinal fludids.
The giving of antibiotics, blood products, anti-cancer drugs or nutrients into a patient's vein over a prolonged period of time.
the giving of drugs into a vein through a syringe.
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Analysis to check the number, form and structure of chromosomes. This can give valuable information to aid the diagnosis and the selection of treatment.
Abnormatily in the number or sturcture of chromosomes. Particular abnormalities are associated with particular sub-types of leukaemia.
This is a simple blood test to establish the functioning of the liver.
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An operation in which the abdominal cavity is opned. May be required in some cases of lymphoma to investigate the extent of the disease.
Side effects of chemotherapy and or radiotherapy which only become apperent with long term monitoring of the patient over a period of years. These are of particular concern in patients below the age of puberty.
The collective name for white blood cells
Method of seperating blood into is liquid and cellular components and for the removal of white blood cells before returning the remainder of the blood to the pateinet. It is used to reduce the white cell count when chemotherapy is to be avoided, for example during pregnancy.
From the Greek meaning "whilt blood". Often referred to as cancer of the blood. Characterised by the widespread uncontrolled proligeration of large numbers of abnormal blood cells, usually of the white cell lineges, which take over the bone marrow and often spill out into the lbood stream.. Other organs may also be affected including the lymph nodes, spleen and liver.
The development of leukaemia
The collective name for white blood cells
An inherited family trait carrying an increased risk of cancer during childhood and early adulthood.
term used to describe cells with a common ancestry, tha is developing form the same type of identifiable immature cell.
This is a simple blood test which can detect any evidence of inflamation of the liver.
Terms used to describe the survival of leukaemia patients who have been disease free for prolonged periods of time, usually at least five years. The chance of disease returning (relapse) decreases with time.
A procedure for removing spinal fluid from around the spinal cord using a fine needle in the lower part of the back. Samples are analysed for evidence of any CNS leukaemia. Also used to administer anti-cancer drugs to either prevent or cure CNS disease.
Small glands that are part of the immune system which are found in your neck, armpits and groin. They are sometimes called glands
Structures found throughout the body, eg neck, groin, armpits, abdomen, which contain both mature and immature lymphocytes.
A method of detecting enlarged lymph nodes, somethimes used to determine the extent of disease in lymphoma patients. It involves the injection of dye into the feet, which allows the lymph system and lymph nodes inside the body to be dectected on an X-Ray.
This consists of the spleen, lymph nodes, and areas of lymphoid tissue such as the tonsils. It plays a major part of the body's immune response.
A type of white blood cell which is involved in the immune defences of the body. There are 2 main groups B cells and T cells.
White blood cells that helps fight infection.
Pertaining to the lymphatic system including lymphocytes and lymph nodes.
A cancer which originates in lymphoid tissue, including the lymph glands, liver, spleen, bowel and bone marrow. The disease results from the uncontrolled production of the white blood cells known as the lymphocyte. The general term includes about a dozen different forms of the disease but there are two main categories; Hodgkin's disease and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
An increase in the production of lymphocytes. This may occur as a normal response to infection.
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A type of white blood cell which migrates from the blood into tissues and acts as a scavenger, ingesting particles such as bacteria.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
A body canning technique which uses an intense magnetic field to generate images of the internal organs. Properties of normal and cancerous tissue differ, allowing malignant tumours to be visualised by computer processing of the signales detected.
Treatment given for a period of months or years to maintain remission and eliminate any residula leukaemic cells in the body, usually for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia.
A term applied to tumours characterised by the uncontrolled proliferation of cells. See also cancer.
MCR (Medical Research Council)
Uk Government funded body "to promote the blanced development of medical and related biological research" in the UK. It organises national clinical trials for the assessment of new treatments protocols for leukaemia and some related diseases.
Large cell in the bone marrow.
Highly specific antibodies produced by cells grown in the laboratory. Current research is investigating their clinical application for targeted delivery of drugs to leukaemic cells
A type of white blood cell of realitively large size which acts as a scavenger and ingests large particles.
Cancer of the blood due to proliferation of cells of the monocyte series.
Terms which indicates the loss of a whole chromosome. Each person usually carries 46 chromosomes (23 pairs), but in monosomy this is reduced to 45.
Inflamation of the mouth and throat which may by caused by anti-leukaemic drugs.
This is an ultrasound picture of the heart as it beats and it gives a good measuer of the function of the heart.
Multi-drug resistance occurs when leukaemia cells eliminate anti-cancer drugs before a high enough concentration to kill the cells is achieved. Resistance against most drugs will make the leukaemia very difficult to treat.
A cancer caused by uncontrolled proliferation of the white blood cells called plasma cells within the bone marrow. The malignant cells do not usually accumulate in the blood and the tumour growth is restricted to the bones. This leads to bone distruction and is often associated with kidney problems.
A minute genetic change to DNA, for example by exposure to hazardous chemicals or copying errors during cell division. If these affect normal cell function it can lead to disease development.
Immature cells of the myeloid series.
A group of closely linked conditions in which the process of blood cell formation is disturbed by a failure of the immature cells to grow and develop normally. Sometimes referred to as "preleukaemia". Treatment may be based on supportive therapy or involve the use of anti-cancer drugs depending on the sub-type of the disease.
Myelodysplastic Syndromes, MDS
A disease in which the bone marrow is taken over by fibrous tissue and is no longer able to produce adequate numbers of mature blood cells. Often accompanied by enlargement of the spleen. It is occasionally found in cases of acute myeloid / acute lymphoid / chronic myeloid leukaemias. the primary form is classifeid as a myeloproliferative disorder.
Collective term for the non-lymphocyte groups of white blood cells. It includes cells from the granulocyte, monocyte and platelet linages.
A group of disorders characterised by the over production of blood cells by the bone marrow. One or more of the cell lineages may be involved and treatment varies according to the type and severity of the disease.
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Damage to the nerves which may occcur as a complication of anti-leukaemia treatment. It usually affects the peripheral nerves (nerves to the arms and legs) and may be reversible when treatment is stopped or reduced.
A condition in which the neutrophil count is reduced. IT nay be caused by high dose chenotherapy and it carries an increased risk of infection.
When there is a less than normal number of neutrophils in the blood. This happens during high dose chemotherapy and carries an increased risk of infection.
The most common type of cell within the granulocyte group of white blood cells.
A group of lymphomas which differ in important ways from hodgkin's disease and are classified according to the microscopic appearance of the cancer cells. The disease is classified as eith low grade (slowly growing), intermediate grade or high grade (rapidly growing) and may be treated in a varity of ways depending on the exact diagnosis.
The central body of a cell which contains the chromosomes and controls the cells activities.
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The part of the digestive tract between the throat and the stomach.
Genes carrying the potential to cause cancer.
A specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer
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measurment of the proportion of the blood occupied by the red blood cells. Normal calues are 40-54% in males, and 35-47% in females.
Treatment aimed at relieving systpoms and pain rather than effecting a cure.
Condition in which there are reduced numbers of all types of blood cells.
Paraprotein is a form of antibody characteristic of and produced by a clone of cells of the B cell type, for example in multiple myeloma. Its presence in the blood acts as an important marker of disease.
Malignant paraprotine is a form of antibody characteristic of and produced by malignant cells of the mature B cell type, for example in Multiple myeloma. Its presence in the blood acts as an important marker of disease.
This is a condition caused by radiotherapy, it is an inflamation and swelling of the parotid glands. It is short lived and will be treated.
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria (PHN).
A reare disorder characterised by an increased rate of break- down of red blood cells and decreased production of white blood cells and platelets. This leads to excretion of the red blood pigment, haemoglobin, in the urine, particularly at night. The cause is unknown and the severity of the disease is variable.
Development of a disease.
A doctor who specialises in the cause and disagnosis of disease and how disease affects the organs of a body.
Peripheral blood stem cell transplant
The use of peripheral blood stem cells as an alternative to bone marrow transplantation. The stem cells are obtained by using growth factors given to the sonor to increase numbers in the circulation to a level where they can be harrvested.
An autoimmune disease which leads to a deficiency of vitamin B12 required for red blood cell production and thus anaemia. IT is treatable by regular intramuscular B12 injections
Small red or purple pin-head spots on the skin. They are small haemorrhages and usually the result of a shortage of platlets.
The study of the action of a drug in the body over a period of time, including the process of absorption, metabolism and excreation.
The characteristic apperance and function of a cell or tissue.
An abnormal chromosome associated with chronic myleoid leukaemia and some cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. It is formed when part of chromosome 9 attaches to chromosome 22. This abnormality is found in nearly all cases of chronic myeloid leukaemia.
The fluid component of the blood in which the cells are suspended. Contains soluble substances for example glucose, fats, hormones, clotting factors, for distribution around the body.
The end stage of myeloma when immature plasma cells are found circulating in the blood.
Large cells derived from the lymphocytes that form antibodies. Not found in circulating blood but restricted to bone marrow and lymph nodes.
Stable stage of disease in multiple myeloma following good responsse to anti-cancer treatment.
Blood cells responsible for clotting. Tiny cell-like bodies derived from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. They circulate in the blood and play an important role in the prevention and control of bleeding. Normal values, 150-400 x 109 per liter.
Measurment of the various aspects of your lunbg function.
A condition characterised by the over production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. Diagnosis is based on an increased number and volume of red cells. The total number of white cells and platelets may also be increased. Treatment will vary according to the age of the patient and the severity of the disease. This condition carries an increased risk of developing leukaemia.
A trade mark name for a form of central venoous line in which the whole lof the line is surgicaly implanted within the body, unlike a HickmanTM line. A membrane just below the skin gives access by a simple skin puncture to a line running straight into one of the main blood vessels. This simplifies the administration of chemotherapy.
A general term referring to some non-cancerous blood disorders, such as myelodysplasia which carry an increased risk of the patient developing acure leukaemia.
Immature cell in the bone marrow which is responsible for producing mature blood cells.
An assesment of the likely benefits of treatment for a patient, particularly concerning the chances of cure and recovery.
A variant of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in which the malignant cells have a more immature appearance. The disease requires chemotherapy and / or radiotherapy and sometimes removal of the spleen (splenecotmy)
Precautionary tratment given with the aim of preventing a disease occurring
A schedule of treatment. For example, the number , frequency and timing of administration of a course of anti-cancer drugs.
Itching, sometimes severe, which may ba a significant problem in lymphoma.
The laboratory treatment of bone marrow harvested from a patient for an autologous bone marrow transplant with the aim of removing any residual leukaemic cells and thus reducing the theoretical chance of relapse. The use of this procedure varies between treatment centres and depends ont eh type of leukaemia being treated.
A condition characterised by the occurance of purple spots on the skin, often accompanied by bleeding from the gums. This is usually caused by a shortage of platlets in the blood.
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The use of x-rays in the diagnosis of a disease
The treatment of cancer and other diseases using high -energy X-rays. It kills cancer cells in the area of the body being treated and is therefore effective treatment for localised disease, particularly in lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Side effects vary according to the type of treatment and will be discussed with the patient before hand.
A doctor who specialises in treating patients with radiotherap
A term to discribe drugs which have been produced using the theqniques of genetic engineering. The products are exact equivalents of compounds produced naturally by the body.
The cells of the blood which contain the red pigment haemoglobin and carry oxygen to the tissues of the body. Normal red cell count in the blood 4.5 - 5.0 x 10 12 per litre.
Refacroty anaemia with excess blasts (RAEB)
A form of myelodysplasia characterised by the build up of immature white blood cells (Blasts) in the bone marrow. IF the immature cells are particularly numerous it may indicate a chance of transformation to acute lsukaemia and the condition is called RAEB in transformation (RAEBt)
A form of Myelodysplasia which primarily affects the red cell production by the bone marrow. In some cases the developing red cells show an internal ring of iorn granuales. These cells are called sideroblasts. Refactory anaemia (RA) and refractory anaemia with dideroblasts (RAS) are the most common form of myelodysplasia.
When a disease returns after it has been in remission, or its recurrance. In leukaemia this may be indicated by changes in the blood, bone marrow, CNS or testicle even before the patient experiences any symptoms.
When there is no evidence of disease after treatment. The restoration of the blood, bone marrow and general health of the patient to normal. Induced by chemotherapy and /or radiotherapy.
The initial course of treatment given to patients on admission to hospital to remove all clinically detectable cancer.
When leukaemia cells do not respond to treatment
Immature re blood cells normally restricted to the bone marrow and present in the blood stream in very low numbers (0.2 - 2%). An increase in numbers indicates increased proliferation in the bone marrow, for example following chemotherapy.
A synthetic conpound related to vitamin A which can stimulate cells to become fully mature. IT may be used clinically to treat some forms of leukaemia, notably a sub-type of acute myeloid leukaemia clled acute promyelocytic leukaemia.
Ribonucleic acid. It is a copy of the gnetic code and is used by cells as a template for making protines. It copies the message given out by the DNA.
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A leukaemia arising from either previous chenotherapy or radiotherapy or as the development of a pre-existing condition, such as myelodysplaisa.
A drug that has a calming effect
This is a general term to describe serious backertial infection of the blood stream often associated with a high fever.
The part of the blood which remains after cells, plateletes and fibrinogen have been removed, usually by allowing the blood to clot.
Brother or sister
A large channel between the brain and skull.
A sample of tissue, blood, urine etc., taken for examination.
An organ which produces lymphocytes, acts as a reservoir for red blood cells for emergancies,and destroys red cells at the end of their life span. Situated high in the abdomen on the left hand side. It is often enlarged in leukaemia.
Surgical removal of the spleen. This is sometimes done in leukaemia or lymphoma as part of a patients treatment.
Enlargement of the spleen.
An assessment of the spread of disease4 through the body, for example in lymphoma. It is of importance for the selection of optimal treatment.
The most primative cells in the bone marrow, otherwise dsescribed as immature cells that develop into different blood cells- red, white and platelets
An injection into tissue immediately under the skin
Literally 'sharing the same genes'. It refers to bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplant between identical twins.
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A type of white blood cell derived from thje thymus (hence T cell) involved in controlling immune reaction. Uncontorlled proliferation of this type of cell gives rise to T cell leukaemia/lymphoma.
A type of white blood cell derived from thje thymus (hence T cell) involved in controlling immune reaction. Uncontorlled proliferation of this type of cell gives rise to T cell leukaemia/lymphoma.
Irradiation (radiotherapy) often given in several doses used in conjunction with chemotherapy to destroy malignant cells and allow empty marrow for transplantation. This may be used prior to bone marrow transplant. The proceedure and its effects will be discussed individually with each patient.
Recurrence of leukaemia in the testicles. The disease may be restricted to the testicles or may also show evidence of disease in either the bone marrow or CNS. Treatment will depend on the timing and the extent of relapsed disease.
Another name for Plateletes.
Shortage of plateletes leading to problems with bleeding.
The development of a clot in a blood vessel, usually in a vein but sometimes in an artery. Potentaill life threatening if left untreated.
A gland at the base of the neck concerned with the production of functional T cells
An x-ray pricture of internal organs of the body.
Irradiation (radiotherapy) often given in several doses used in conjunction with chemotherapy to destroy malignant cells and allow empty marrow for transplantation. This may be used prior to bone marrow transplant. The proceedure and its effects will be discussed individually with each patient.
A term to describe 1. the change of a normal cell into a cancerous one, or 2. the accelareation of diseade in chronic myeloid leukaemia form the chronic to a more acute phase characterised by the production of large numbers of blast cells.
A chromosome abnormality in which part of a single chromosome has been transferred to another.
Removal of a small "core" of bone marrow under local anaesthetic. It is used to assess bone marrow structure, the number and distribution of all the blood types.
Term which indicates the presence of an additional whole chromosome. Each cell usually has 46 but in trisomy this is increased to 47
An accumulation of abnormal cells which may be benign or malignant.
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Pictures of the body's internal organs built up from the interpretation of reflected sound saves.
Pictures of the body's internal organs built up from the interpretation of reflected sound saves.
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Veno-Occlusive Disease -V.O.D.
This is an uncommon complication of bone marrow transplantation. Small clots occur in the liver giving rise to jaundice and weight gain.
Anti-cancer drugs origionally derived from Vinca (Periwinkle) plants. Drugs of this type include vincristine, vinblastine
The study of viruses and viral diseases
A minute infective agent which depends on the cell it infects for its replication and survival
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Cells that help to fight infection. They include neuttrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes. They are formed in the bone marrow and it is their uncontrolled proliferation which leads to leukaemia. Normal values are within the renage of 4.5 - 11 x 109 per liter
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An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation. X-rays have a wavelength in the range of 0.01 to 10 nanometers. They are used in the diagnosis , for example in the staging of lymphoma and in treatment see radiotherapy.
